DIABETES INSIPIDUS: PATOGÊNESE, DIAGNÓSTICO E TRATAMENTO

Abstract

Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a rare endocrine disorder characterized by inadequate production or deficient action of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), resulting in polyuria and polydipsia. It affects around It affects around 3 in every 100,000 people annually people annually. Symptoms include polyuria, polydipsia and, in severe cases, dehydration and hyperthermia. The objective of this work was to review the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of ID, emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis to avoid serious complications and improve patients’ quality of life. A systematic bibliographic review was carried out between 2019  and 2024, using databases such as PubMed, Scielo and Google Scholar. Central diabetes insipidus (DIC) is characterized by low production of ADH by the hypothalamus or posterior pituitary gland, resulting in the excretion of large volumes of dilute urine. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (DIN) occurs due to the kidneys resistance to the action of ADH and even rarer is gestational diabetes insipidus (GID), which occurs during pregnancy, a condition in which the placenta releases the enzyme vasopressinase, responsible for the degradation increased ADH. Although rare, the multidisciplinary differential diagnosis of diabetes insipidus is essential to differentiate clinical forms and avoid various complications for the patient if adequate treatment is not established.